 鲜花( 240)  鸡蛋( 18)
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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION- x, d) { e$ {& R& z- a+ @
Formal Statements
% M$ w) K) c; f 1. Public Speeches
4 ?% a: v6 y4 Y' Z9 j7 B0 T 2. Letters of opposition or support
# s; w; T8 R: s+ B4 G) } 3. Declarations by organizations and institutions9 s7 f5 @# M9 s" M1 C- [2 u
4. Signed public statements1 T- m+ H3 o9 k8 q
5. Declarations of indictment and intention
; f W. W, Q2 C c6 e 6. Group or mass petitions, o5 d6 k3 I) G- ]( K
* ^, A8 R% h8 y/ C9 D& L7 N
Communications with a Wider Audience
9 c3 I+ U3 F" {% l' B 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols/ Y: W; w. |& u* E8 l2 ]* E
8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications# m2 G7 J$ u8 `$ k" ^' k- U8 i
9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books
* }( t! I' D! t' r 10. Newspapers and journals
& N' k- O% @1 ?# j4 Q 11. Records, radio, and television8 g0 l# E& J: E
12. Skywriting and earthwriting
6 |! k9 x( }5 S* K/ j4 g3 V% L9 f3 m1 @! d% U
Group Representations/ E" b8 H7 L+ e/ s. `# ?! _5 M9 A
13. Deputations
% W1 g( ~3 K% L4 i: X4 _) s 14. Mock awards
! T9 J* F h2 t. D) c; A5 o# G 15. Group lobbying. A9 w3 s8 e- \3 B: V1 O( x
16. Picketing0 t/ s$ o) `' k3 l( P Y& n
17. Mock elections
3 h5 [* c& F3 g. T) _7 `, }/ h" v4 y4 u
Symbolic Public Acts
5 t; \% y6 i( c$ j3 o/ \ 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors$ V1 A' j! p0 B2 ~( g
19. Wearing of symbols! h( J7 J7 D/ C+ S7 F7 x! \
20. Prayer and worship2 s. w! r) j" @. {/ B0 X7 Z5 ^7 H
21. Delivering symbolic objects: W& N& J# h0 @
22. Protest disrobings
: d& g& m6 D% d& d; i9 r 23. Destruction of own property
8 X% M- p# q# V& ` 24. Symbolic lights
2 r% a1 I) O0 F9 [% B5 Y# Y 25. Displays of portraits
2 i1 q/ c( M, I% v 26. Paint as protest p' H, F7 z* j, k& T
27. New signs and names) Q2 C' [3 H; d, C
28. Symbolic sounds
. s* u6 J7 A! L4 G& H 29. Symbolic reclamations
* P4 r3 F) ]$ {) R- t5 y 30. Rude gestures1 G# c6 W$ p% u* k
% R' V3 j4 U& Q! v o: nPressures on Individuals! \ z8 B" _- Q. K m" |6 e$ _ O
31. “Haunting” officials
. Q3 \0 Y2 q) b/ l9 g 32. Taunting officials: I, }7 H) I5 B% I5 v! K5 n* o
33. Fraternization
6 Q) G( s/ _2 V% D+ z/ P! u 34. Vigils7 e& g. o1 _2 Y$ y
8 ^0 ?) J* m% {+ l3 Z
Drama and Music
- r5 O4 t6 y/ ~. Q. N/ L) o- F. K 35. Humorous skits and pranks( c! A7 l& A$ I+ ~. i
36. Performances of plays and music
( x# }( z- U$ h1 V. M 37. Singing
7 O+ l6 B# I: H6 o$ z( u: C! ^% A- S0 `% j+ |) y+ r5 K$ S# u
Processions
6 c; f: n5 H- F 38. Marches! e9 }4 q7 R- M# t4 A4 K( R
39. Parades
2 C) u: V7 C4 |( F8 r- s* v8 A' J9 m 40. Religious processions- T1 Q; a Y7 u
41. Pilgrimages6 f) [0 u& X) f& o: S2 h
42. Motorcades' `: B/ I) a; c; o" q
, I: K; j7 ?/ o9 z
Honoring the Dead& i: [6 E4 [+ V: F# J
43. Political mourning
9 y% O$ P: O7 Q! J/ n& H1 r, c9 Y 44. Mock funerals* P8 G) R9 q; _+ p; z$ r
45. Demonstrative funerals
* V7 ^0 d9 ~6 C4 i K" ]) i 46. Homage at burial places
' k4 \, b9 n0 K: E
% l8 q3 S, L' i) ]3 i2 LPublic Assemblies6 L0 k9 P1 N! T- D b
47. Assemblies of protest or support
! g" `& ~5 I0 A" R$ `: F) a- v 48. Protest meetings
6 D6 v. `- k0 e6 ~+ _ 49. Camouflaged meetings of protest6 S- ~- V ], [' m* |. t5 L
50. Teach-ins
1 O' b5 |6 N$ ^* ~, U
3 ?( B. y' k w2 ?5 e; W( M& sWithdrawal and Renunciation! Y7 X) W2 {' K& P& Y
51. Walk-outs
; e# A0 J- |+ g6 z 52. Silence2 P! q4 r$ R! d& C# {& e
53. Renouncing honors
5 O1 T8 X5 w: M0 S* g 54. Turning one’s back
& @& H" c8 d' f9 \+ S; n
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+ s7 l% i/ ~5 Z0 k
) l, P7 e2 s% o. oTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
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: \2 p7 p% R U9 Y6 s7 e! f" ^1 |! }6 w4 S& Q
Ostracism of Persons2 k8 F1 Q8 B4 Z- x: |; l J
55. Social boycott
- T B& I. S, p. | 56. Selective social boycott
3 L# [9 r0 D/ E* e% i7 W 57. Lysistratic nonaction
( B% m5 K# d s) f6 y 58. Excommunication) ~1 m) I- Z7 C+ j4 e
59. Interdict h1 s: f0 F8 L
+ i8 ]& U9 o6 _! fNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions
% P2 C. Z2 ^3 J7 Z' T3 E/ u u 60. Suspension of social and sports activities6 m( \6 R/ W( v& ^! X# R m2 n& ]/ E
61. Boycott of social affairs
" U7 k! {/ }, k( L 62. Student strike! u7 K: _) @+ Y- s) s! M$ E
63. Social disobedience
7 b- |$ u S& Y7 b5 e: l% w1 j 64. Withdrawal from social institutions
/ t& i! a/ |2 {. |' z# r+ [6 ^
4 w: r0 u( i8 u) _& r2 U0 ^Withdrawal from the Social System
/ G4 ^4 ~* }: A- G 65. Stay-at-home* p/ L* P# q3 q3 P$ t; k
66. Total personal noncooperation
( T: o( _3 U) v 67. “Flight” of workers2 k4 C: ^) t$ q3 h' x( _5 ?
68. Sanctuary8 f3 O3 H7 \8 a2 \; K) S
69. Collective disappearance1 d8 c* i6 _6 I9 K. r" \; i
70. Protest emigration (hijrat)
6 l3 ?% j$ U- o( r- E: W0 C
7 }! F7 Y$ U5 x3 T. M " w4 n* ?3 w# P
+ W( Y- s0 K, |/ o3 ~9 B$ g/ sTHE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS$ U3 C5 h; r) b: N& y/ ^
6 q4 \% Z: p# s1 T
8 D- G- F( y3 aActions by Consumers. \: I' H* z1 }4 S. v& k0 m$ W1 s% a
71. Consumers’ boycott7 }0 l# ?# S) K
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods& [1 m- a- V0 w4 h7 O( Z1 K) l
73. Policy of austerity9 o; {2 o Z4 z) C1 a7 s ~
74. Rent withholding
o1 ?& G6 H" k$ i 75. Refusal to rent
! b" j/ A" t. u. [% }! ?1 n9 \. w 76. National consumers’ boycott
{8 Z; c* m/ o$ S4 p 77. International consumers’ boycott+ ]9 \3 q8 j- N) j' }, W
! V3 \0 C# v# T$ r& z B' ?3 |$ i0 u2 k
Action by Workers and Producers- Z# q% V3 V' |: Y3 p: }- J0 ^
78. Workmen’s boycott8 @. d. }) L8 }/ Z, g/ P0 o
79. Producers’ boycott2 R2 S) i' |; ~& y$ u" l% L2 W
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Action by Middlemen
$ y' C, b% D$ H+ S" M0 ]0 z 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott w0 p# e( Y% u* w- n9 |% K, i7 H
8 l5 C) W2 q8 x8 j' e. RAction by Owners and Management, U; a. G' y m* n% C0 w
81. Traders’ boycott
+ p ?% X9 b" E( ~9 m' T 82. Refusal to let or sell property
! T4 K% s& ?2 G% g) ^ 83. Lockout: T* p+ c$ [4 C! |3 Y* u, M% m
84. Refusal of industrial assistance
& {6 w; T5 J* O 85. Merchants’ “general strike”$ \ n/ M, }. |
, z+ `. P$ P- d) D3 {: e8 A
Action by Holders of Financial Resources
& p2 {3 _" m: s; _" Y9 X/ C 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits3 _, B8 ^# M/ J+ s( X* O' J4 O
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments8 ~& I# R; I4 k1 P" S
88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
' q$ o" G0 _0 E& y, F 89. Severance of funds and credit
' X$ }4 I. w7 {: w# @7 z- w 90. Revenue refusal2 ^! Y" Y j) q
91. Refusal of a government’s money
, y j" T: L. ?8 o- R
# f- W) n6 h& a$ f; l# i' p2 ~Action by Governments* P; \0 f2 H) ], { x
92. Domestic embargo; U& `* P/ T, L: n- v* E
93. Blacklisting of traders6 ^2 n% L6 |/ `6 y( T6 \2 h
94. International sellers’ embargo2 x" ^* X3 X/ t& g' a- {
95. International buyers’ embargo
- D# Q- \' ]/ g3 b0 ~# C; t 96. International trade embargo
1 s; ?7 R. N" ^1 \' q4 c( ]- B" s
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE" s' K- p7 v( X0 ]4 \
1 d# w. J, ?: A* j0 W $ G6 R. R! Q9 X3 q
Symbolic Strikes
; b2 i& |; j& T2 ?7 \1 m4 b 97. Protest strike% U. }/ }9 ?( G: @5 r* O1 i4 j7 y% E
98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)
: n% y" p* ^7 A9 q5 h$ t$ Z# L, V- o" r7 ?' ? U1 A$ F# F/ f) W
Agricultural Strikes* k/ m6 |. r) H0 s
99. Peasant strike; I( e9 g6 [7 H; P5 V* Q3 H
100. Farm Workers’ strike* h7 f6 {( B* v4 [, o* g/ J
8 z; q, A# X* I" m- q% o7 H4 n) f" \. a
Strikes by Special Groups$ ?' G. o2 V' M) d3 s! `9 q, j
101. Refusal of impressed labor
9 w. I, D9 J/ c 102. Prisoners’ strike
7 ^2 w7 ^" y5 X8 h* n- s6 t% P, | 103. Craft strike
0 Q# b, f# m. [& g# D1 I; ~( _ 104. Professional strike% b$ E b! ~! b: Q$ w' I$ j1 ]& k( |
' t6 T' s. D' ?
Ordinary Industrial Strikes
" H# f7 J8 _" |5 ~ 105. Establishment strike! x1 i# u5 X8 F& E Q
106. Industry strike q$ o' l1 p) ^
107. Sympathetic strike
; p7 P& {+ b w" ]: q' J" g4 f2 _6 H6 l; o" X% Z
Restricted Strikes; `3 L1 u/ u. u+ `' R
108. Detailed strike
8 Y5 G K% M3 n 109. Bumper strike
- }- [! I3 `, [8 | P' B 110. Slowdown strike
; x4 ?) V2 [) H! [( ?0 B* v, o 111. Working-to-rule strike
4 V7 j8 G3 P1 D* { 112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)4 m$ P, X5 e, H. H6 l% ]/ t1 r
113. Strike by resignation+ |* o3 U; F; `- j- Z
114. Limited strike3 }" Z t- u8 H3 [* }8 R
115. Selective strike
; U) Y( [2 _) L, Q' U4 k% S0 c$ ^! v/ ^; |& V9 ?( h+ r+ d
Multi-Industry Strikes
0 |# ~( d5 e* K" q# P
3 ~+ z; y! H) r 116. Generalized strike) Y* n* x# F( [" g! c
3 Q# q) l+ L7 G8 L! N 117. General strike. j D/ y) _) N
* `1 N6 h0 V/ g4 w
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures
- _7 N2 v( E4 I
* E' z# H1 [/ |4 O& L I& A 118. Hartal j1 l# Q5 Y" m$ A+ A
* A. H4 t1 S/ r# |& ? }
119. Economic shutdown* Y5 z* l M& J* e; q" l
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THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION9 G$ X6 L9 t" n
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) k$ `3 D$ z) a" q6 ZRejection of Authority
" R- G, }5 O( d' Q5 i 120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance8 u! D0 w6 ?3 }! q6 I b( j
121. Refusal of public support
) _% G1 U- G- H& E a 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance, K3 f! H0 d8 ]' A3 _$ l# L k
* D4 G0 o5 e" ]8 ^& D
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government. T3 H* `' n! f9 |' n# [
123. Boycott of legislative bodies) T- H! N% c2 b' k& c; a+ O( s
124. Boycott of elections/ E! D4 j2 e0 P, w: a+ {6 @- Q* E7 u( J
125. Boycott of government employment and positions
& n) O# Y, E8 T* J. k 126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies
- E7 k+ [0 f2 W* Y o 127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions
7 K5 U% b4 O5 ^" b) f/ K* B 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations) E# G. t7 \' A* y
129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents
% i) L6 n$ g" M1 o& H& Q Q- c 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks
5 |9 [4 M) j; y) y3 W 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials8 A. J1 ]+ A% W$ W4 I, R
132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions) T& F5 n0 O8 i9 C4 F1 `
( b1 }8 s4 x. c+ D. [" s& {. i cCitizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
" C6 \& D! Q/ z2 v: { 133. Reluctant and slow compliance
# l% p" |1 G1 i0 U; ?7 I& F5 X5 H 134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
$ I) ]2 H$ I2 d) H/ F 135. Popular nonobedience- p3 M4 M! t% _- F& Y/ S
136. Disguised disobedience: O0 q0 O+ |( G. x. \# x
137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse& E2 T" ^/ ^" z
138. Sitdown
+ n1 |' |) ] D! Z, @ 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation9 H% g' c, h+ m
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities
" ~6 ]2 R+ a# M0 T 141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws
: _4 u5 X: d. T9 D# S# r9 d
5 g$ m# ~' w6 w+ b$ iAction by Government Personnel0 A, Q4 S0 M+ ~# @0 B+ q% B# C* Z
142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
( h+ H/ q0 ~* A, X7 y/ z+ c: b. h 143. Blocking of lines of command and information
# Z; h. w( E4 O8 d. ] 144. Stalling and obstruction
, l+ I1 V0 t% @% d8 b 145. General administrative noncooperation9 ]# g3 A: F/ M) b$ J* n
( f. {7 n& e7 J1 l0 k0 ? 146. Judicial noncooperation& ~. ]& R, h; Z6 H4 ^
147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents, H0 z8 }6 s) h# x9 a5 G
148. Mutiny4 |6 f& E' N; k
Domestic Governmental Action" L x8 z# P5 X
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays/ {& K; [# T3 }# i. s/ ~
150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units8 c6 H! o8 A/ k4 N1 ~1 |
/ u& V h# m6 s/ z! }( a% LInternational Governmental Action1 F# o, X% Y- @# x2 f0 T
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
% K4 n% G% \% [( i; x# H 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events1 n, s9 r) l! |) u
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition4 k' D' V" y* N& b9 i
154. Severance of diplomatic relations. s% G2 X' x6 f- |3 O
155. Withdrawal from international organizations
/ e( K3 o& z7 u4 J 156. Refusal of membership in international bodies3 I4 X2 g- \! j( d+ H. ?- p; U
157. Expulsion from international organizations- }2 Z6 k7 L! n) L. y" g& o0 }
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/ X* ]3 a, L- x- i! q+ yTHE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION" d! C" X$ n0 n. O
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7 x6 e) N# f6 r d2 {Psychological Intervention
1 S3 t& j# W7 F7 ~1 f 158. Self-exposure to the elements3 |1 I# n# s# I! n
159. The fast5 G2 c C0 j' B4 `. B; ]. }5 i
a) Fast of moral pressure
6 |! S2 b7 J4 z b) Hunger strike
% W _1 L8 h1 ~" e8 C1 _. I2 w" J c) Satyagrahic fast9 I4 m1 J& v! v* C0 L2 _/ X
160. Reverse trial. o9 \+ N, w R+ m# j
161. Nonviolent harassment
: O- J# g3 W. _% `. i$ g, E3 T" n1 u- U0 g/ n) ?- u# C; D
Physical Intervention
a+ c) o2 d( `; d6 E6 { 162. Sit-in# P. @2 L4 C, [( G/ j( i5 B
163. Stand-in! c* a; j1 h4 f& G `
164. Ride-in
% l, E0 R. k" Z4 K- x 165. Wade-in
: Q6 X; Q9 z' e" h6 z6 s 166. Mill-in
4 ^1 K# _* ]6 ?7 A 167. Pray-in, X" n ^5 w2 G' M0 H E
168. Nonviolent raids
9 @# m2 {, x. Q9 c( N1 B0 p, _- G 169. Nonviolent air raids
( P, c# i% f+ W& k- k+ k 170. Nonviolent invasion
$ c: V2 _6 e" H% G, e 171. Nonviolent interjection' Y& {* a1 [4 G3 y1 Y
172. Nonviolent obstruction6 f! a* h# J% ~3 S2 o/ J
173. Nonviolent occupation
, p u1 j9 l9 k# l+ ~6 u
1 t) z, Z0 x/ M+ d JSocial Intervention
6 ?, f1 U3 p* T5 |( C! [ j u0 @ 174. Establishing new social patterns8 h \2 y8 ~1 k% o6 `. s2 @- R
175. Overloading of facilities
) I& w$ R1 l8 z; K9 M 176. Stall-in6 {' ]7 g" a, n; c+ Q; B
177. Speak-in9 Z# M- F* t* |$ @* {. s3 a
178. Guerrilla theater% H8 a5 w/ }6 r/ o: x. k/ m
179. Alternative social institutions; r5 r3 ~; A% o4 @* {4 e
180. Alternative communication system
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^: c5 D K' D7 w: V- Y3 AEconomic Intervention- P( `5 O" s2 g2 j, B$ L
181. Reverse strike
& l1 c% G3 s( y* o$ ^+ n& E6 \- Z 182. Stay-in strike4 l6 h1 ^, v8 ?, r4 P7 |3 h
183. Nonviolent land seizure
2 v& L) R: c( s* T/ b% A7 w 184. Defiance of blockades
( m/ |. J- t- I& [; L2 E* b 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
* i3 s! G) B2 N$ X, O ~; I! \ 186. Preclusive purchasing
8 w$ d1 U! ]1 ?% C: t y 187. Seizure of assets$ ~, Q7 P) d2 m% ]& _ r% a
188. Dumping
, l$ Z5 t9 i! v+ o. Q: i3 K5 S 189. Selective patronage
; P1 w$ J2 P* c5 a3 m" S) R 190. Alternative markets
4 _* u$ x* [' y$ y4 z0 e 191. Alternative transportation systems3 ~4 m3 t' _3 R$ h8 `0 n
192. Alternative economic institutions$ N% F7 t+ F' {/ E
* K2 R, A E1 Y6 \
Political Intervention# `1 u4 G% l" g& ^8 r5 F
193. Overloading of administrative systems
4 @% o2 }, y( k/ s0 K 194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
P2 d3 a ]2 t& t2 g6 E+ b K 195. Seeking imprisonment
' A1 d- H# R1 W/ G# ~2 _% k 196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws6 X% u5 u6 h: @- F% S( N/ M, N
197. Work-on without collaboration. o1 ?- C c6 L/ T* _! w! [6 @, p
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government% ]# t( j6 t: ~
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楼主: reneeqq
狗仔卡
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
