你知道辅音 t 是如何变音的吗？

billzhao

. n7 g7 ]2 L9 q' c$ b- fThe Flap

A flap occurs in three situations.
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  1. A flap occurs when a 't' comes between two vowels. The pronunciation of the 't' in these incidences sounds
# i/ r7 B8 }2 X      like a 'd' and is said very quickly.
" N, o+ Y; u+ F1 w$ ]                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
0 B2 G& t7 x: r2 h                                     
                
  water becomes wader
: O$ D1 r7 Z, F. }+ `/ F% L" F/ G( ?  Do you need some water?
" s$ I+ d( U, y, T7 I# Y: h0 _- V* m                 
  letter becomes ledder
  The letter was in the mailbox.
3 Q+ p, z5 d) m9 K                 
1 A2 `  \4 |5 \5 j2 Z  bottle becomes boddle
  The bottle broke when it hit the floor.
6 i9 D; ?+ g6 ~; a% Y: L                 
4 ]2 _, U5 D- W+ M  butter becomes budder
' M* k% R7 R) S. c) h  The butter melted in the sun.
: ~6 W+ Q) {' w$ A  _                                     
% ]% h6 ]8 \: e0 v% i# t  2. Flaps also occur when a 'd' comes between two vowels. The 'd' is still pronounced with a d sound, but it is
1 G6 F, }8 M4 o# U* M: p) B* D      said very quickly. In the normal pronunciation of the d sound the tip of the tongue is placed on the tooth
$ j8 r" O( k. z5 R  Q: ?      ridge (the area where the top front teeth meet the top of the mouth) before the expiration of air to produce
) o5 z& P! @1 f2 v      the sound. With a flap, the tip of the tongue barely touches the tooth ridge and the 'd' sound is made very
( r! ?4 Z* a3 W4 n+ p; w      quickly.   
0 w) t% M0 d1 C, P! s7 `                                     
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                    
2 _7 a* k# m0 h3 n& O2 P9 Z                    medical        She is a medical student.
                   sediment            
The sediment on the river bottom is course sand.

2 D5 y- }/ Z% N9 g% i                    cadence           
# u# L6 u- Y9 N; gDrums keep the cadence in a marching band.
8 W2 ]+ l, J7 R
7 v' h9 t1 b$ Y- G2 h0 m7 f                    cider         This apple cider is great.
' S; W- D9 O0 E; b2 X2 G                    spider        A spider has eight legs.
9 h/ O* b) }2 W6 I                                     
" c2 U7 O7 W9 `5 b1 ~; c% o  3. The third flap occurs when with linking of the consonant final letter of one word and the vowel letter of the
       next. (see section on linking)
                  
+ U8 I& L. w" g  K- `+ X         Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                  
           'right away'  becomes righ(d) da  way
% b. F# e% B9 I* f+ E          I'll get your bags right away sir.
; c0 u" C: M- C4 _

3 H8 ~. \# k& z, j( X! `                   
           'what if' becomes whad dif
          What if we go to Paris for vacation?
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7 Y, z& c5 [" \5 S                   
            'might I' becomes migh(d) di         
; R* A: f& s- l           Might I suggest a new tie?


                  
9 H8 d! ~6 [. P  [4 M8 ~        
( z4 K0 u" Y* a" {2 r. D5 YNote: The flap does not occur in some words (what, that) if they are spoken alone, without other words to
          link to.

billzhao

The Glottal Stop

When a 't' is followed by a vowel + n syllable  (eaten), the 't' sound is replace with a glottal stop, which is a complete closing of the vocal cords for a short moment. A glottal stop sound can be heard in the pronunciation of the negative uh uh.

# z, T( J6 k5 W; n/ B                            
        Listen to these sound changes. The first word is with proper enunciation, the second word is with the sound changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
7 ]) c# h0 e6 v  y6 T% w" [                            
; k9 X' z" h. j; S7 Q( Y        
) ^0 H) }* h, _7 ]+ o    'eaten' becomes ea'n  
- D! w" e2 g& L+ o   Have you eaten yet?
       
    'satin' becomes sa'n  
/ c- g% o7 {3 h7 y4 `3 i2 m' k: ~   Satin sheets are nice to sleep on.
# M0 p& a, x6 l4 D& ], m& x0 c" ]2 \        
    'sentence' becomes se'ence
4 \" X* _! N, \1 m( `- e   This sentence makes no sense.
# |- {6 v! r/ h        
    'mountian' becomes moun'n   
   I'm not much of a mountain climber.
       
    'getting' become ge'n        
1 ~' p$ f" t' p" w7 N   I'm getting to old for this.
& N% ?6 ~: f  O  G: _3 R        
    'button' becomes but'n   
& n  T8 Z1 r# A6 @3 v5 j   Sam lost a button on his shirt.

billzhao

Can and Can't

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In an affirmative 'can', the can is pronounced as 'kn'. The modal verb 'can' in the sentence is unstressed; the main verb is stressed.
                                             
' K0 j- y0 I, G  C! t   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
( u$ G9 x/ X6 s6 E( F: n5 Q0 ]   Then the word is used in a sentence.
* Q/ f0 {& Y  D& w                                              
       
   'We can swim' becomes we kn swim  
% z3 f3 x9 a( v3 n" a8 Y' U   We can swim in the lake.

5 R0 N7 K: Q2 `
       
   'I can cook' becomes I kn cook.
   I can cook pizza.


: a5 P- Q2 i3 O2 z        
( m# w8 a' [* c$ V; c   'She can read' becomes she kn read  
   She can read Italian and Russian.
8 b: a: F3 P9 D! {( i( X
- G/ d- ^8 v& H0 h- R
       
0 |0 l9 H. c, g   'They can ride' becomes they kn ride.
   They can ride on the roller coaster.
- ]  s7 I5 ]8 b+ @3 f! i1 A8 G7 G
                                             
; l$ H5 |: _! |6 jIn the negative, both the modal (can't) and the main verb are stressed. However the 't' in can't is dropped and replaced with a glottal stop if the next sound is a consonant.
' s$ `  O0 }: {) X( M                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first sentence is with can, the second with can't. Note that both the modal and main
. G. u8 z% G) B0 e4 R1 \  k8 B   verbs are stressed in the negative sentence.
                                             
       
  'We can't go' becomes
   We KAN' GO.  
8 h9 f, `$ d* I* o* U" Z$ l; s& C
We can go to the movies.
We can't go to the movies.

       
  'Larry can't speak' becomes
   Larry KAN' SPEAK.

Larry can speak French.
Larry can't speak French.

* ~* m- P& Q8 x& Z) s" s; o( Q2 [        
1 V& ~) j: r: o  'She can't do it' becomes
7 r/ i/ \2 B0 x2 ]   She KAN' DO it   
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) j2 D: {% j) X6 z8 K$ t; lShe can do it.
) O' I0 C; s8 C9 v5 ^9 }  sShe can't do it.
5 @- z- u4 w6 z0 Q4 o4 w7 Q% T
/ K& J3 \. V: T. j        
  'Some people can't sing' becomes
. s0 e% v: [* B8 \+ P4 v% ]   Some people KAN' SING
2 U8 U0 d6 T& L* x; ASome people can sing.
Some people can't sing.

9 g+ H0 z& P: d8 V" O6 t                                              
  o+ Q: ]- h; ~( u" ~8 }, e% FIf the next sound after 'can't' is a vowel, a flap occurs as in 'She can't  ignore it'. (... can't  tig-nore...)
) m: S/ C2 h2 `  k$ v. R                                              
   Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound changes.
; m! _0 s" \' ]9 D( p   Then the word is used in a sentence.
                                             
       
# S/ N. M& X- r/ j: ~2 [0 L& y3 v   'can't attend' becomes can't  attend. (... cand da-ttend)
   We can't attend the concert.
! E# J3 h2 X! i. D' R        
   'can't invite' becomes can't  invite  (... cand din-vite...)
: W' K- q) I% O" ]: }+ ^% V; S   Wally can't invite her to the party.
4 t3 [* i9 t6 X1 u        
0 h1 m4 B- z- M/ G& e  z3 M( @* S   'can't answer'  becomes can't  answer (.. .cand dan-swer)
" i( f. j( [% U6 e   He can't answer the question.
; v, r- U# R2 `4 k
% s- U, Z4 ?: E, J! s0 e4 E        
& {. M1 D6 J: B6 F* G   'can't understand' becomes can't  understand (... cand dun-der-stand.. )
   I can't understand what you are saying.

billzhao

Negative Contractions
$ d$ s5 v) B( H, l$ z( ?; h% i6 N
8 Z& A/ ?% q5 ZMany times a native speaker does not pronounce the final 't' in a negative contraction (can not= can't, do not =don't, have not= haven't). The pronunciation is replaced by a glottal stop. (see above)
4 U9 G; H6 `7 h: x7 M  K9 Y
                  
     Listen to these sound changes. The first phrase is with proper enunciation, the second phrase is with the sound
     changes. Then the word is used in a sentence.
                          
       
2 K5 R; w2 ]" v3 p/ \# C8 w0 J    'wouldn't'  becomes wouldn'      
   Why wouldn't you go to the dance with me?
       
   

7 ^. v  U7 ~* Z: T        
    'couldn't' becomes couldn'
- I, a& P0 U8 y4 R    I couldn't do it because I was sick.
0 J( _9 f' _* H9 v* c; k        
   

1 A, S* L9 `- G+ t$ s        
    'shouldn't' becomes should'n         
   He shouldn't have eaten the apple.
$ _+ F& x7 _4 J2 I6 z6 r+ g9 ]        
   
# v8 {' [0 S0 N+ P  l) x3 Y
       
    'doesn't' becomes doesn'
   Larry doesn't study hard enough.