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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable : v7 {3 v" y' {% W- J; S
5 E# n& L6 s ~7 D
- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -; L' I, }# i1 A0 N5 ^, d
+ x# g$ }) t* |( @+ W( u
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
! _# c; P4 ^7 @1 E# m' `exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
; C( M4 T- Q Q; Q$ m; _: Wquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic
0 W- E }2 R9 g& ?in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit
2 s; ^$ v, l) O; E! X! f. M: Oprice gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and( K% X3 b# _2 N5 ^* R
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,7 K) G9 p5 o3 l' A+ ^
Quebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal
4 p0 m$ H6 |8 `% f: gLePage Real Estate Services." P6 J% p6 @4 Y; ~
# Y5 g# @- v- f) X( a" }) q6 {/ V8 Z
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters& K( Y& z! }- u
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic; ]' A9 ?& |* t
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and. l( `. g! x7 E/ H' u" l+ w
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
* V0 Z4 @1 J( w! C( ~8 Xresidential real estate sector.4 x7 _9 \/ ?( n8 P. Q9 }
+ l0 |( Y6 X2 c; p
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
/ G5 E+ |5 i# r Soccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)8 H, f' w9 O) B! D2 ? T
year-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,5626 u* f% z, C; w
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380
; M/ }/ _* |4 U, V5 V! n' o(+13.2%).; c6 v2 w: d; o5 \
( G+ u- i+ Q5 t E0 d4 V* o
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth
$ v! x$ U1 X0 J7 P1 @( rduring the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
& t% S. R9 D0 O$ p/ {# X$ a% n7 kfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
+ i5 M; O" a" c+ Q1 B; T8 upoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,; t9 s! u5 \8 D/ n& X
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
5 I( @3 y) |& R. ]8 c- J"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
: ]1 t* H( p+ E. {' I! Wwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
$ Y! }- V* {+ d8 c( K. rbalanced market."2 ~) H/ \/ _ `6 `. @" K
* o5 ?+ Y$ y! c; U4 o Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,1 Y" {! b8 E' C+ @" [, C
considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift% j& m8 [5 S8 ?+ h
to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued8 \# L7 B) u C b1 ] k3 C
throughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core' ^" H+ n" }2 j/ s1 _# J' G, G
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,) k3 C/ V; b! n, N
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
* H t. D" k8 ?3 R6 u# Nbreaking price appreciations.! i% W" P( J; j1 n+ J r/ o4 p
- `: `3 |2 S1 r; r8 Z
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding- Q1 q; y' u9 U n ?+ f
economy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
% Q" Q: y9 G6 l6 w" g6 qlargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.( A: C8 D. f2 K# s% B, u7 a- u
& v' _' h# j/ Z& }! y) J8 h- X) M
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid( D3 |- }* ]! y1 l
economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
% K0 g' k+ Z3 P5 g" qconfidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off
+ T- s, O/ Z2 o8 Q, j$ }, p) [slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.7 e- S+ S8 k; ]" Z* k# P& g
In Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers% a- T% u4 \2 P/ U q
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
' I d8 K3 Z1 v$ ^price appreciation when compared with 2005.- W& T M, a+ i$ X9 Q
: }& O- Z9 a$ u; x8 S* y- [5 @ While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing6 @3 ^* @$ R( |! J, t6 ^
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
+ e9 {- k: ]# x( ?0 C F7 {financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
& E9 Z2 r& m0 }3 x! ?' eare markedly different than those found in the United States.3 C) Q/ X5 C1 ~0 p2 [9 C7 ~( w" s
, { G6 J$ |! ?2 D3 @7 p
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
* \/ Z; w* T2 C7 [0 f- r# G4 Y3 VAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's+ E7 t7 Q6 v, X( @5 W5 S
favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the
0 N) c6 G/ Y b, N0 @5 lrelatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general
+ j1 V2 o# h# a) a* X. Gaffordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the( j- S2 v+ ?' U/ x8 m
downside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
$ E1 u$ c1 G3 v! \ D+ N; a! ~aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization
% e4 V r. w; o; Emortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
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1 ?! Y& t- O, {. y: a. ] <<
" j3 Q( V9 c" g REGIONAL SUMMARIES |0 o1 G6 g% B4 a) _) N8 b% }
>>
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Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
2 r& q- D S* q. C8 M( FHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate# h1 ~6 E* i$ {$ r5 p9 t* A
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time2 T& r6 [: J e: L; l; p; Y8 f
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
$ \- V0 M9 u$ ]" Q) arenovations.0 `4 V6 Y9 |# r- v
R8 z$ L/ P$ c8 W1 i# \' k The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
& L! ?, s+ r/ S' @increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation& R2 g2 r7 z1 m2 ~9 b: B
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and) R# K" S/ }1 Z
September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.& W( e7 C) `- d, Y7 d a6 }
% ^8 l& g) X) C7 |+ N
The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
1 O+ u) t# q1 n9 oslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the7 v2 i; m5 H+ y* d4 h# x* |8 v' G) \
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
' T" i" C9 S# c" G# W) R3 e600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
/ x2 L0 j& r/ u3 ^: r2 tto the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
0 f o9 W7 h. _2 o$ jand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.
4 n6 N4 }3 c7 W
[" K5 q# r0 C1 ?# f& _( o' d! \9 { In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
7 Q) c- X- O1 B8 F6 \) j( hconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their! d" U% v6 v9 G8 n3 |8 o) D
homes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
* k% o$ v' k4 b& ]5 W1 }( xwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
" r& G9 T- Q" x0 ddollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing
8 }7 S4 `6 h0 z7 S0 U" o$ g1 dbuyers with more options when looking for a home.
3 S! i+ ]1 Z% V2 R& A' w
% B+ I" V( N9 r, Y2 Y" o Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly& A2 C- D$ Q3 S8 D8 t1 s" J: X
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes5 T3 K- p8 Z9 Y) Z: J% ~2 _3 j
priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,1 D4 G) Y, L _7 i7 _
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last
" u( R0 F8 _& P, M# C3 J/ v7 R( Lfew years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
, o% \$ G! G' v. h; y9 ^) _1 b0 |
7 k) s/ e( W4 e Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
2 _: y0 P" n4 o2 wprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory; z1 v: \; G( J+ f
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
9 z, u# `4 y+ f% k! \# Z" E! Y4 [first-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,/ I, h& x. H! ?: S( J6 a
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the
}, m7 Y' h2 x ?1 N) Tpressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before+ P R9 A& {" P7 u
making a purchase.1 _ p) ?1 \) V* y& ?
6 U( {/ ~, V9 j7 w Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing9 z2 J' s& L5 p. K
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
2 i* E6 c+ |: }! K0 u( K# lconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city+ {+ P$ P0 P( y; ?
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting2 \5 f+ S' I6 I+ D: b& z1 J$ k
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
2 C: }; S7 \; d8 `3 T5 |amenities.2 J4 p# [9 ^1 U- Y) i8 |3 k2 T1 ~
( D* b2 G7 f' Y. L; j8 E7 s
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels( o4 t" {* m" K* U
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand9 l3 \( K/ d3 W0 m$ c8 v$ O% c
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has* y8 p/ k! d6 ]
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
% F: v3 _5 U& i+ ndriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
8 P/ C" w r* g/ t2 l( @residence, rather than for investment.0 `7 z# L7 j, e" k8 {. P3 j# ^
5 l& l2 W- A: ^; B+ n7 B3 l2 x The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as$ C, l7 L+ A8 P, n
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted0 B, }2 a- \; r
in a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer# J5 Y7 v5 F6 l$ \" e. I# E
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
1 b- }) P+ W* i- n- Y0 q3 b5 l0 nrate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
4 }+ E1 {' E' |! X1 @the market.+ Q" J' b! O7 ^. a$ H( }
9 G, s' I! ]+ a' m( n/ j. c6 ^9 ] In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through
! {/ x$ ~, P1 Q9 _! O' nJuly, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
0 D1 B }0 Q% e+ x8 L2 q; }August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring
$ p! @5 k0 Q0 v5 ^2 u+ X& i" rmonths, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
) t& F4 L1 L1 g# o- Bto the shortage of available inventory.
8 h9 H* b) r& ^3 c; b$ X' I) q, o$ f2 j
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its4 {( u4 _" ^$ i! F+ k
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains6 ]3 ~0 q6 j+ q: k! A( S$ z3 Z
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses: A2 X6 w' U8 U0 e# n& l) I
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.0 y' D# f$ H+ U& e0 s; K
. g! D: k) f/ T% N& m* R' M
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
' G5 D- s' D ?in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
' B3 D" z3 D7 A. m+ \, {7 Vunemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that1 H: F$ L, {! q4 ?; e1 V! c# ^
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring4 _7 F! Y; w# [6 c2 R) `" q
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
R4 n; t& F6 @( W1 ]season - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
2 g& H0 t2 ], s9 h# v8 K* v, l' hbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.
- X/ ?# X# A- E4 o/ y' Z" I' p% k
Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter; ]9 N7 g8 m; o( |
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton0 E9 {$ w7 y; L# G) A% B% U
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
" g6 d8 P7 [8 d5 R% {6 x9 v% imaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices
4 G1 j: Q6 q$ P0 zincreasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve! a8 G) K" {& x/ v7 T% d! q
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly7 A& l" q; C( n C
towards the end of 2006. & M! o5 C G0 q6 C, }' b
0 h# Y& X" U5 k6 p% o3 E6 HWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
) U7 g: p0 e. L9 ^, A. l- _7 oinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable0 l0 [3 G, q8 u s; X* j
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
$ S$ @# R0 w/ L/ m! x5 U" `1 Ggroup of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
: E7 _" x0 N& l5 e8 o5 M# Q2 C. `) J( bforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added
, P! Y! x( J* T$ K; p2 R9 |pressure on tight inventory levels.8 }. Z. K: d2 ~3 I$ V9 w. v
5 Y$ [$ [1 _5 E Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic, p5 T6 B- N$ f/ L4 [$ ]: n/ T4 `5 r
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people6 G/ a3 S# A* H+ y1 c9 j
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
' \- X5 ]" x& zwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching: H9 @1 P5 ?8 v5 {5 q
for a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
5 W- a1 U& T- B6 N; Y" F7 h; C- b
& b. ?9 q4 d5 r5 C& @8 b: N& W <<
F% A2 [5 I, J& @+ F Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
! f3 z) ]0 ~7 T9 M Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
0 z# g& a2 @% V4 |2 a9 L -------------------------------------------------------------------------
: x! A( W8 S& S; u 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3* m, q& t3 A! ]
Market Average Average % Change Average Average- A7 p, _+ S! ~; } E
-------------------------------------------------------------------------" i0 X; V, X$ Q- D t4 M: ?; \
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
2 }" W1 A. ]3 m: D: U. l- m& U -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 d) V3 t% |: Z5 a( g. H- J8 K Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
# p! Z1 U" b* P# u6 I -------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 U' U: ]- u- C+ c- c Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000$ A% X2 z& V0 d9 ]: X9 i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ i- L' g" y @' z3 p" N* z0 c
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -, H9 e2 O. P$ S1 v+ p0 o/ G$ e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------) [( s0 ~2 c/ k, C! R
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,3330 e( G6 v9 H8 d, P- ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
. }+ t! o8 n/ A+ |4 F" o5 p Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583+ E) j: `. w9 T* L' `6 e. L
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ I2 }8 p8 w8 Q Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1853 v* K" N. A @# l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------; E- g3 B4 u' C* d; E7 s& B
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,2506 @. n! i3 ?. D4 G3 T4 @ F
-------------------------------------------------------------------------9 b: b. d- F2 q1 _
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
" g; d, n7 v, C8 C! J1 l! ^" ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |5 m q( v! _/ W
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707. R4 y& n0 w% C6 F1 z6 p# W) ^5 {
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
& {" C0 Z( s: ^+ p Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
9 B+ [, S8 @! Q1 K5 ^ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ h& S ^( B* w" w) G Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3890 ?* |, w# f% Y. A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------4 N& e' o, \, [6 D7 O
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
8 K' d+ I& }( T3 F7 D& e; c -------------------------------------------------------------------------. M0 M& M/ {1 `% S
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,500
$ ?; r- z7 L& Z -------------------------------------------------------------------------2 U" { { t4 d+ p; h4 Q, @
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000- w3 g2 J) _0 `! s; d
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 e; c, y9 P3 Z1 E7 j National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,8600 E8 _ H' \0 `. b) T P
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% G) ]- q: `9 G" L8 b
8 U" [5 ^ ]! L- _
-------------------------------------------------------------
3 T% e; {( M. N. J' b6 y$ G Standard Condominium
/ J6 c5 R% U1 H# \; C w( B -------------------------------------------------------------1 R; k( o- j0 c% \6 g
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo5 ~5 J2 x$ J. s- t8 o& S: a
Market % Change Average Average % Change
" ^# J0 W M Q5 C0 h. y8 i( H -------------------------------------------------------------
1 ~/ Y6 I. o6 j* }2 w Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%
+ c* O# A7 e. E- b" X& I0 ? -------------------------------------------------------------5 M% u k. l7 ]3 ` W
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%% l* H! X* o* o( X- m) y
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 F% {, B) K) d# v$ u) X! k7 J. M Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
2 d1 s8 T. J) {" J/ c/ l -------------------------------------------------------------
4 K* m- q6 P3 S: A( d6 }; P. ^/ q Saint John N/A - - N/A) l9 p( G5 `3 X0 v8 ~# ?6 x
-------------------------------------------------------------- X, d. _: k9 x' e5 |
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
% {2 N. e1 c' o -------------------------------------------------------------8 R% j0 z, Y0 m
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
3 Y* `6 r2 G! g# i A" N -------------------------------------------------------------7 v" ~& ~$ o- V" A
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%* w5 Z# r1 H2 W, m. B& m
-------------------------------------------------------------0 e2 h) B4 W2 Q, Q0 n5 k4 Q7 y
Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%
% k5 t. }) f( [1 h) j+ z -------------------------------------------------------------
9 F x! {" U7 c& j5 z Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
% p9 l- k: m( n4 { -------------------------------------------------------------
0 v5 d' }$ }/ ` Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%4 ]9 T( W- v; }) g1 U$ @) i
-------------------------------------------------------------1 U5 ^8 F7 d& M5 R8 S: B( Y
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%$ O8 N& ?- t" x* y
-------------------------------------------------------------8 l& D+ a) ~$ j3 p
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
. j$ }) Y3 X3 C3 o7 @4 ~; {& t -------------------------------------------------------------
" {' p5 t; l8 y6 l Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
9 I! p- O) q) m O5 L, z1 u0 z o B -------------------------------------------------------------
0 f1 K- V! |, I- i6 [7 u, v Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
4 k5 z7 \8 V, C1 L" R! V% D -------------------------------------------------------------
( }& d3 o* A; G, @0 Q Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
. j! | c4 O' j. x -------------------------------------------------------------. b& w- `' T2 b, q8 k }5 |
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%- Z; m4 Q g3 J% e8 n5 j6 K
-------------------------------------------------------------: c+ w* e! N* B- m& E. o9 u
>>* A9 q/ v6 d. ]; [! e: ~
! V0 T& S0 z/ R Q Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined, z: I# z) a% G4 \8 K: Z, t5 r! z7 }
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
B: s' p$ a9 \5 wJohn and Victoria.
- h1 z) G) h! C; w1 w; i' z2 j! G! T
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most3 _+ D4 o5 V' @
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of4 N1 X+ H' L# W, E
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release' j; h- x# y1 T4 w
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price- O& |) r4 ]/ Q: q* h# U* r! _, R, ]
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities* `! ^& \& u2 P9 W
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is5 q2 s! D/ n3 t" g, l
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current9 N1 Q/ p. P8 q* y5 l, F
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
1 o: A7 N" L. ?9 R6 c) W6 d: b) Wversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on
2 R8 s/ I- V6 |4 n- GNovember 15, 2006.) L7 q4 [3 y; _; [) B" P$ n- k
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of0 F* Q% ?* E# d/ L- D8 D
fair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge2 Z6 [! `2 F7 Y/ b( h7 T$ C7 c
provided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
d7 @/ ?1 c2 B# m+ P4 Davailable for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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